O presente artigo tem o escopo de analisar as influências deixadas por Hans Kelsen e sua Teoria Pura do Direito para a Hermenêutica Jurídica e as incertezas ainda presentes em sua clássica obra sobre o processo interpretativo. O positivismo kelseniano, reconhecido pela separação entre direito e moral, não se omitiu quanto à realidade da interpretação jurídica, e, sem desconsiderar suas bases teóricas, deixou diretrizes para a consolidação de uma teoria da interpretação. Kelsen desenvolveu o conceito de moldura normativa como um (...) limite para o intérprete autêntico da norma cuja subjetividade influenciaria o processo interpretativo, mas também viu possibilidades de interpretações fora desta moldura. O trabalho pretende entender estas possibilidades de interpretação, analisando Hans Kelsen e seus ensinamentos sobre interpretação jurídica. (shrink)

We address current needs for neogenomics-based theoretical and computational approaches for several neuroscience research fields, from investigations of heritability properties, passing by investigations of spatiotemporal dynamics in the neuromodulatory microcircuits involved in perceptual learning and attentional shifts, to the application of genetic algorithms to create robots exhibiting ongoing emergence.

ABSTRACT In ‘Just Words: On Speech and Hidden Harm: An Overview and an Application’, Mary Kate McGowan argues that some racist speech in public places should be made unlawful in the United States for the same reason that sexist behaviour in the workplace is already legally actionable—namely, to protect individuals from a hostile discriminatory environment. While McGowan may be correct that some public racist speech may constitute an act of discrimination in some morally significant sense, I present several reasons for (...) doubting that such speech constitutes a hostile discriminatory environment in the relevant legal sense. (shrink)

Among the available metaethical views, it would seem that moral realism—in particular moral naturalism—must explain the possibility of moral progress. We see this in the oft-used argument from disagreement against various moral realist views. My suggestion in this paper is that, surprisingly, metaethical constructivism has at least as pressing a need to explain moral progress. I take moral progress to be, minimally, the opportunity to access and to act in light of moral facts of the matter, whether they are mind-independent (...) or -dependent. For the metaethical constructivist, however, I add that moral progress ought also mean that agents come to be or could come to be motivated to act in light of the right kind of moral judgments. Together I take this to mean that, for all forms of constructivism, moral progress must be explained as a form of moral improvement, or agents aspiring to be better sorts of moral agents. In what moral improvement consists differs for various forms of constructivism. Here I distinguish between three different versions of metaethical constructivism: Humean constructivists as represented by Street, Kantian constitutivist constructivists as represented by Korsgaard, and constructivists about practical reason as represented by Carla Bagnoli. I conclude by showing that only constructivism as a view about practical reason can fully account for moral progress qua the opportunity for moral improvement. (shrink)

This article assesses the role of Immanuel Kant’s ideas in the historical philosophy of Gustav Shpet (1879—1937). This theme has been largely ignored by Shpet scholars who have concentrated on comparing his logical-methodological theories with the ideas of representatives of phenomenology (E. Husserl, R. Ingarden and others) and hermeneutics (F. Schleiermacher, W. Dilthey, H. Lipps, H.-G. Gadamer and others). Accordingly, the authors consistently reconstruct “the sphere of conversation” within which Shpet’s concept of “historical philosophy” was formed and reveal the place (...) and role of Kant’s ideas in Shpet’s theories (with particular focus on the Plato-Kant antithesis). Among Shpet’s “interlocutors” with whom he discusses Kant and thus “ploughs” the field of historical philosophy are G. I. Chelpanov and E. Husserl, B. Bolzano and A. Trendelenburg, F. Heman and M. Frischeisen-Kohler. We have attached Shpet’s notes on Kant in the archive of his family. Shpet’s attitude to Kant was controversial (while of course largely critical) and yet he was aware that Kant was the foundation of European philosophy and that his efforts to resolve the epistemological problem merit a second, thorough examination and a retracing of the path followed by Kant. The authors show that Shpet’s notes on Kant have more than historical-philosophical relevance. They enable us to take a new look at many theoretical and cognitive problems and, even more importantly, make us rethink the fundamental tenets of philosophy and the methodology of scientific cognition. (shrink)

In the first edition of The Gay Science (GS), Nietzsche proposes that we treat knowledge as unconditionally valuable and life as a tragic quest for truth. In the second edition of GS, he seems to retract this proposal, suggesting that we substitute “incipit parodia” for “incipit tragœdia.” But Nietzsche does not say what he means by “parody,” or what role he believes it should play in our evaluative lives. This article proposes that by introducing parody into GS, Nietzsche intends not (...) only to correct the original text by mocking his earlier treatment of science as tragic, but also to designate parody as a basis for new tasks, duties, and values beyond what science can offer. This article speculates that parodic value creation might consist in the imitation of behaviors and practices associated with preexisting values without the reproduction of the beliefs and feelings corresponding to those practices. (shrink)

Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a transformação da economia e do mercado de trabalho tem despertado questionamentos éticos relacionados ao advento e à prevalência das novas tecnologias. Neste cenário, destaca-se a emergência do "infoproletariado", uma classe trabalhadora cada vez mais subjugada à lógica do trabalho digital e da economia do conhecimento. Paralelamente, essa transformação se dá em um contexto de "sociedade do cansaço", onde o ritmo acelerado e incessante das atividades produtivas impõe um esgotamento físico e mental às pessoas. Este artigo (...) pretende explorar a interseção desses três conceitos: o infoproletariado, a sociedade do cansaço e a ética das novas tecnologias. Discutiremos as implicações da crescente digitalização do trabalho, a sobrecarga cognitiva e emocional dos trabalhadores, e as questões éticas decorrentes da automação e da exploração da força de trabalho neste contexto. Compreender essa complexa rede de relações é crucial para repensar práticas de trabalho mais justas e sustentáveis na era digital. Palavras-chave: Trabalho; Infoproletariado; Inteligência Artificial; Ética; Sociedade do Cansaço; Capitalismo; Economia. (shrink)

Drawing on her memories of growing up in a racially segregated South, the author argues not so much for the removal and erasure of Confederate memorials as for mutilating them or retaining a version of their presence glossed with an explanation for their rejection. Connecting the southern anti-Semitism and anti-Black racism of her youth, she explains the parallels and differences between German efforts to come to terms with the Holocaust and American efforts, southern and northern, to move beyond and make (...) reparation for both slavery and continuing twentieth- and twenty-first-century racism. (shrink)

A presente entrevista serve como complemento ao artigo submetido com mesmo nome nesta edição. Ela trata de uma exposição da influencia tecnologica na vida das pessoas, e como essas ferramentas estão ligadas as novas sindromes.

The teaching of religion in public schools – whether the subject should or should not be included in the school curricula, what the content structure should be and which approach the teacher should adopt – led to various ethical dilemmas and conflicts in many regions of the world. Our article aims at reviewing, from the perspectives of numerous authors, the different topics as well as the ways in which aspects related to the impact of religious teaching and to specific approaches (...) could be taught to economics students in a democratic society. At the same time, we underline different dilemmas and preoccupations resulting from religious values in the organizational management and in marketing, but also the synergies that could be capitalized from this standpoint, in order to obtain a competitive advantage in a context where diversity, and religious diversity in particular, is a reality that gets more and more obvious, while a good capitalization of it can bring forth loyalty in organizations and competitive advantages on the market. (shrink)

This article demonstrates the unique role of the Russian philosophical tradition in the formation of an individual’s self-consciousness and attempts to overcome the limitati...

A lucid introduction to post-Marxist political philosophy, this work offers a balanced assessment of the philosophy and political thought of Baruch de Spinoza. It explores the influence of Spinoza upon Louis Althusser and some of his contemporaries. The positions of a range of modern political philosophers who think with, beyond, or against Althusser are explored, including Etienne Balibar, Antonio Negri, and Slavjob Zizek. Ideology and political critique, democracy and exclusion, language and power, and imagination and subjectivity are among the topics (...) discussed, arguing that many of Spinoza's ideas find radical expression in Althusserian and post-Althusserian political philosophy. (shrink)

Journal of Philosophy of Education, EarlyView.

Due to the simultaneous linguistic and musical quality of voicing, voiced breath poses theoretical challenges to notions of ‘embodiment’, especially as they are used in theatre practice/studies. In this article, I make two intertwining arguments to address questions of the place of semantic meaning and conscious thought in performance practice/theories as they arose in my anthropological engagement with laboratory theatre. Firstly, theatre and performance practice/theories keen to embrace ‘embodiment’ often leave out things like explicit analysis, reflexivity, referential or semantic meaning (...) and so on because, as my ethnography shows, they are judged as secondary, and thus belonging implicitly more closely to disembodied ‘mind’. I engage in anthropological comparison to show how other ways of being/knowing complicate any sense in which practices labelled ‘embodied’ can be seen as primary in contrast to conscious, linguistic or explicit knowing. Instead I outline an onto/epistemology of emergence that offers an alternative imaginary in which no binaries exist a priori. Rather all is a matter of ongoing mutual constitution. Secondly, while the discourses of embodiment in performance practice/theory that I critique may continue to reproduce dualist assumptions, theatre approaches influenced by Grotowski’s anti-method, focusing on continual revision of practice, offer insights for scholarship concerned with the ontological indistinguishability of social, psychological and physical phenomena. Laboratory theatre practices offer a prospective way of knowing, enabling an exploration of the ontological equality of breath, in this case in song, and the sorts of meaningfulness associated with language and analysis. In 2011, my Nanna (grandmother in Maltese) passed away in circumstances that remain traumatic to me. I turned with to my daily practices to find ways to scream, to grieve: to anthropology and to a particular practice of song in laboratory theatre, where encounter is actively sought. Arising from ethnographic and analytic engagement with such practices, in this article, I offer an anthropologically inflected critique of notions of embodiment in performance studies and performance philosophy. I present the alternative imaginary of emergence onto/epistemologies and the prospective investigative practices of laboratory theatre. I do this by weaving autobiographical, ethnographic and anthropological threads to explore my own practice relating to the work of my collaborator Gey Pin Ang, a Singaporean director, actor and pedagogue. (shrink)

Existing debates on business ethics under-represent consumers’ perspectives. In order to progress understanding of ethical judgement in the marketplace, we unpack the interconnections between consumer ethical judgment, consent and context. We address the question of how consumers judge the morality of threat-based experiential marketing communications. Our interpretive qualitative research shows that consumers can feel positively about being shocked, judging threat appeals as more or less ethical by the nature of the negative emotions they experience. We also determine that the intersection (...) between ethical judgement, consent and context lies where consumers’ perceptions of fairness and consequences lend contextualised normative approval to marketing practice. Our research makes three original contributions to existing literature. First, it extends theory in the area of ethical judgement, by highlighting the importance of consent for eliciting positive moral responses. Second, it adds to embryonic research addressing the role of emotions in ethical judgement, by ascertaining that negative emotions can elicit positive consumer ethical judgement. Third, our research contributes an original concept to ethical judgement theorisation, namely consumer-experienced positive shock. We define CEPS as a consensual shock value judged as ethical due to its ephemerality, commercial resonance, brand alignment, target-audience appropriateness and contextual acceptability. We also extrapolate the dimensions of CEPS into an ethical judgement typology, elucidating how consumers judge some threat-based communications as ethical, but not others. Consequently, our work dovetails with wider business ethics debates on ethical judgement, adding value by clarifying the conditions that generate positive consumer ethical judgement. (shrink)

Uno de los documentos de la Antigüedad que más atención susci-ta en los años recientes es el llamado Vidas de los filósofos de Diógenes Laercio. Una nueva edición del texto griego salió a la luz en 1999 y otra más está en preparación. A pesar de que durante mucho tiempo se consideró este tratado solamente como un nutrido testimonio doxográfico, y a la persona misma de Diógenes como un transmisor poco fiable de noticias, para la historia de la filosofía es (...) parte de la tradición material que necesariamente ha resultado indis-pensable en la construcción de nuestra visión de la filosofía griega hoy en día. El libro completo reporta los testimonios de al menos ochenta y cinco personalidades que hicieron parte del panorama intelectual de la antigua Grecia. De cada una de esas personalidades se dan tanto noticias sobre su vida como resúmenes de su actividad filosófica y ci-tas presuntamente literales de sus obras. (shrink)

In Being and Time, Heidegger presented the finitude of human existence from the concepts of being towards death and anticipatory resoluteness. By interpreting human existence as existential possibility, it becomes possible to properly understand existential death as distinct from death in the vital sense. In view of the projective characteristic of understanding, Heidegger shows that projection into possibilities is always subject to risk and failure, since what sustains the “existential” aspect of existential possibility is projection in it. In this sense, (...) the objective of this article is to present and discuss the concepts of death, existential possibility and finitude existence based on the interpretative thesis that Heidegger’s elaboration of the existential concept of death is independent of the common and mundane sense of death, presented through the concept of demise, based on the thesis proposed by Heidegger that death is the possibility of the impossibility of existence in general. (shrink)

This article explores German Korean philosopher Byung-Chul Han’s notion of psychopolitics and his concept of the neoliberal subject. For Han, mental processes are now the primary target of power. This means that, according to Han, biopower must give way to what he calls psychopower since perspectives that critically seek to understand neoliberalism through a biopolitical lens are no longer adequate to contemporary regimes of neoliberal achievement. This article examines and evaluates Han’s argument that Foucauldian biopolitics is obsolete in today’s neoliberal (...) age because of biopolitics’ primary focus on the body over mental processes. We suggest that, instead of emphasizing the need to move beyond biopolitics, Han’s theorization of psychopolitics could benefit from paying closer attention to some of Foucault’s insights on biopower and from identifying key connections between biopolitics and psychopolitics. By highlighting some important continuities between Foucault’s biopolitics and Han’s psychopolitics (instead of emphasizing the discontinuities between both theorists’ perspectives, as Han tends to privilege), this article seeks to move towards improved theorizations of concepts like achievement, subjectivity, otherness or optimization, concepts that are key to Han’s understanding of contemporary neoliberal practices. (shrink)

Ong, Caroline There was once a strong belief amongst global HIV/AIDS organisations that the key to the prevention of the sexual transmission of HIV was condom use. Other measures such as abstinence and being loyal to one partner were seen as beneficial, but secondary. Thirty years later, the evidence is mounting that behavioural change is much more effective in halting the spread of HIV than condoms.

El artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de los últimos parágrafos de la Vida de Pirrón de Diógenes Laercio (9.107-8) y de un capítulo del Adversus ethicos de Sexto Empírico ( _M_ 11.[5].141-67). Los resultados de este análisis harán plausible la hipótesis de una fuente común, reproducida parcialmente en DL, pero elaborada y refinada en Sexto. En ambos textos son centrales las nociones de fin y de elección. Se presentan las diferencias entre ambos textos entorno a la primera, y las tensiones (...) internas co munes que implica el tratamiento de la segunda. (shrink)

Cet article présente une réflexion à propos de la souffrance des professeurs des écoles au Brésil. L’examen de ce phénomène a été réalisé à partir de la définition que Paul Ricœur propose de la « souffrance », à l’occasion de sa conférence « La souffrance n’est pas la douleur ». Dans le pays étudié, la souffrance est souvent liée à la précarité de l’exercice du métier d’enseignant : les classes en sureffectifs, les bas salaires, le cumul des postes, les ressources (...) matérielles dégradées et insuffisantes. Nous visons, cependant, à examiner les phénomènes de la souffrance à partir de la condition désignée dans nos recherches comme « précarité symbolique du métier d’enseignant ». De cette condition découle un changement dans la possibilité pour l’enseignant d’exercer ses capacités en tant qu’agent humain, ainsi que dans sa relation avec les autres. C’est donc à partir de ces deux axes que nous proposons une phénoménologie de la souffrance enseignante. (shrink)

Este artigo visa investigar a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a natureza humana e sua saúde, conforme a visão da medicina hipocrática, pois elas estão intrinsecamente ligadas. Na medida em que, segundo a tese mais aceita da medicina hipocrática, a natureza humana é composta por quatro humores, cujo equilíbrio proporcionará a saúde do indivíduo, tudo o que influenciar esses humores, irá, ao mesmo tempo, influenciar tanto a natureza do homem, quanto sua saúde. Desse modo, é imprescindível, para a medicina, identificar (...) e compreender as condições ambientais que podem, não apenas influenciar, mas determinar a doença, bem como a própria natureza do indivíduo. Para essa investigação, tratamos, especialmente, da análise do livro _Ares, águas e lugares_, no qual é possível verificar explicitamente uma descrição desses fatores ambientais, bem como de outros textos, tais como _A Doença sagrada_, _A Natureza do homem_, _Da dieta – _Livro I, _Enfermidades IV_ e _Aforismos_. (shrink)

Neste artigo, discutimos a trajetória política e intelectual de Monique Wittig. O objetivo é compreender as proposições dessa importante autora e ativista lésbica em seu contexto de produção. A partir do campo da história intelectual, discorremos sobre suas redes de sociabilidade e filiações teórico-políticas. Além de abordar suas elaborações sofisticadas sobre a noção de “lésbica”, a heterossexualidade como regime político e o conceito de pensamento straight, criticamos a ausência de uma perspectiva interseccional na obra de Wittig. Entendemos que trabalhos como (...) o nosso, que valorizam as memórias lésbicas, contribuem para o campo das lesbianidades, tanto na teoria como na prática.Palavras-chave: Monique Wittig. Pensamento straight. Teoria lésbica. História intelectual. AbstractIn this article we discuss Monique Wittig's political and intellectual trajectory. The objective is to understand the propositions of this important author and lesbian activist in her context of production. Based on the field of intellectual history, we analyze her networks of sociability and theoretical-political affiliations. We address her sophisticated elaborations on the notion of “lesbian”, heterosexuality as a political regime and the concept of the straight mind. Additionally, we criticize the absence of an intersectional perspective in Wittig’s work. We understand that works like ours, which value lesbian memories, contribute to the field of lesbianities, both in theory and in practice.Keywords: Monique Wittig. Straight mind. Lesbian theory. Intellectual history. (shrink)

I show that an overlooked feature of our moral life—moral status—provides a route to vindicating naturalist moral realism in much the same way that the Humean theory of motivation and judgment internalism are used to undermine it. Moral status presents two explanatory burdens for metaethical views. First, a given view must provide an ecumenical explanation of moral status, which does not depend on the truth of its metaethical claims (say, that there are mind-independent facts about moral status). Second, its explanation (...) must be consistent with persistent normative ethical disagreement about what constitutes moral status. I conclude that naturalist moral realism succeeds, while quasi-realism fails because it cannot meet the latter requirement. This argument has three results: we have a new route for metaethical vindication more generally and for naturalist moral realism in particular; quasi-realism's plausibility is undermined by an inability to explain disagreement, but not for the familiar reasons. (shrink)

Este artículo explora la problemática del cuerpo desde una perspectiva de género. Primero, se estudia la evasión filosófica del cuerpo, así como su inadvertida asimilación a lo femenino. Segundo, se examina la negación capitalista del cuerpo y la posibilidad de entender la diferenciación entre las lógicas de explotación y de expropiación a través de una previa diferenciación entre cuerpos. Se propone finalmente hacer un análisis de la exclusión general del cuerpo como una exclusión particular de lo femenino y de lo (...) popular y se sugiere que el advenimiento de los cuerpos promulgado desde el movimiento feminista, especialmente en su vertiente latinoamericana, traen consigo un potencial democrático y emancipador. (shrink)

Russian philosophy is “a sphere of conversation” in which thought is “divined”. It is a realm of search for “universal meaning” and “cultivation” of historical reality. Such a “conversation” around the work of Dostoyevsky took place in the 1920s among philosophers (including members of the Free Philosophical Association or Volfila in its abbreviated form). The theme takes on added significance at the hands of Ya. E. Golosovker and S. L. Frank whose intellectual affinity manifests itself today in the way they (...) interpret Kantian motives in the work of Dostoyevsky. Reflecting on “the logic of imagination” Golosovker draws attention to the fact that the concrete-metaphysical method of seeing the world is not identical to the amphiboly of Kant’s reflexive concepts. He made it the central theme of his book, Dostoyevsky and Kant, immersing the philosophical component of the novel The Brothers Karamazov in the context of Kant’s antinomies. The later Frank took up the subject of Dostoyevsky’s worldview in response, as it were, to the discussion of the problem of cultural crisis at Volfila (including at meetings “In Memory of Dostoyevsky”). Following Yakov Golosovker, Andrey Bely, Aron Steinberg, Semyon Lurie and others, he continued the discussion of the crisis in its organised forms. In this context, too, Kant is a significant presence. For Frank, as for Golosovker, Dostoyevsky’s world view has a “concrete-metaphysical character”. They come to this conclusion reflecting on the problem of freedom as seen by Dostoyevsky who sought to overcome Kant’s antinomies. (shrink)

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, pós-doutoral, que tem como ponto de partida as inquietações vividas pela autora durante o auge do período pandêmico em que realizou a experiência educativa remota, mais especificamente, no ano de 2020 e início de 2021, numa instituição federal de ensino, situada no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A partir da experiência vivida, de transformação da práxis educativa em remota, desenvolvida no ensino superior em cursos de graduação de forma presencial, a (...) pergunta fundamental que surgia naquele contexto se referia ao vir a ser da práxis educativa e das consequências da experiência remota para a educação formal. No entanto, à medida que a pesquisa, ainda inicial, vem se desenvolvendo, a questão do vir a ser da práxis educativa desembocou numa questão mais profunda sobre o vir a ser humano a partir da intensificação da relação sociotécnica em contexto pandêmico e que propicia, ao mesmo tempo, a possibilidade de fusão entre ser humano e aparelho digital, sendo o conceito de aparelho abordado na perspectiva de Vilém Flusser (1920-1991), um filósofo tcheco-brasileiro. O conceito de aparelho em Vilém Flusser é demasiado importante, e interessa o seu resgate, a retomada de seu pensamento, para que compreendamos hoje as tecnologias digitais não como meros instrumentos, mas sim como aparelhos, em que o ser humano vive à espreita, em sua função de, e como funcionário brinca contra o aparelho, esgotando suas virtualidades, sendo por ele dominado, pois como leigos não conhecemos a linguagem informática. É a passagem do homo faber para homo ludens, segundo Flusser. Nesse processo de transformação do ser social em algo que ainda não sabemos como identificar, o que defendemos, por meio do pensamento de Vilém Flusser e de Byung Chung-Han, é a hipótese da duplicidade humana, que consiste numa cisão a partir da fusão cada vez mais intensa entre ser humano e aparelho digital, como horizonte pós-histórico provável, e não desejável, da humanidade. Seria possível a desintegração humana a partir de sua degradação ontológica, no sentido histórico-social, da relação sociotécnica intensa e alienada com o aparelho digital? (shrink)

El crecimiento experimentado por los contactos interculturales en las últimas décadas genera numerosos retos en distintos ámbitos de la vida personal y profesional. La inteligencia cultural se consolida progresivamente como la mejor herramienta para afrontarlos. Se trata de una capacidad que aúna el estudio de las culturas desde los puntos de vista psicológico, geográfico, histórico, antropológico y sociológico. Para analizar cómo se trabaja en torno a la misma, se propone un enfoque centrado en el mundo empresarial. Este trabajo expone las (...) principales soluciones que se adoptan en la actualidad para ofrecer servicios relacionados con la mencionada capacidad. (shrink)

A presença de Kant e possível influência na filosofia de Nietzsche é motivo de muita controvérsia. Se em seus primeiros escritos Nietzsche é claramente influenciado por Kant, os textos do período maduro não deixam perceber com clareza o teor do diálogo que neles se estabelece, uma vez que Nietzsche assume uma postura radical contra Kant. Essa postura esconde justamente que, em meio aos rompimentos diante do idealismo transcendental, Nietzsche permanece devedor de Kant. Um aspecto dessa dívida é a noção de (...) ficção regulativa. Pretendemos, assim, mostrar, primeiramente, que a concepção de Nietzsche de que a falsidade de um juízo não constitui uma objeção contra ele é um traço decisivo de seu pensamento antidogmático e, em seguida, defender que esse antidogmatismo tem ascendência na concepção de Kant de princípios regulativos. The presence of Kant and its possible influence in Nietzsche's philosophy is a controversial issue. If in his early writings Nietzsche is clearly influenced by Kant, his mature period texts no longer allow anyone to see clearly the content of the dialog established therein, once Nietzsche assumes a radical view against Kant. This view hides that, regardless the disruptions done in face of the transcendental Idealism, Nietzsche remains debtor to Kant. An aspect of this debt is the notion of regulative fiction. We intend, thus, to show: first, that Nietzsche's conception that the falsity of a judgment does not constitute an objection to itself is a decisive trace of his anti-dogmatic thought and, secondly, to argue that this anti-dogmatism has ascendancy in Kant's conception of regulative principles. (shrink)